Banish Air from Air —
Divide Light if you dare —
They'll meet
While Cubes in a Drop
Or Pellets of Shape
Fit
Films cannot annul
Odors return whole
Force Flame
And with a Blonde push
Over your impotence
Flits Steam.
-Fr963, J854, sheet 22, 1865
Cubes in a drop? This phrase led me down some scientific rabbit holes. Dickinson was writing during a period of considerable interest in crystallography. The cube is an especially recognizable crystalline form, associated with substances such as salt. The image is scientifically plausible (as a cube of salt can form from its dissolved state in water) and it's a beautiful idea; rigidly defined shapes that "fit" inside something fluid.
That word "fit" sitting on its own line in this poem is great. It doesn't quite "fit" the 3-3-2 rhythmic structure of the poem. It belongs rhythmically to the fifth line if you are going to stay with the trimeter, yet belongs on the sixth line if you want to keep the rhyme with "Meet." The effect of this clever trick is to put extra emphasis on the word aurally when you read the poem, as well as visually when you look at it. Certain words in Dickinson get elevated into entire wide-ranging concepts in Dickinson's poetry and "fit" is one of them. (See F686 for one such example.)
Another word in this poem that stands out for me is "push," which connects the idea of the poem with another one we looked at recently, Fr960, which was also about a stasis boiling over,
Of unattempted Gauze
An instant's Push demolishes
When you connect these two poems together you begin to see how the poem at hand has an emotional basis as well as a scientific one. "Push/ over your impotence." You can't control the forces, scientifically nor emotionally. You can't banish the air any more than you can love. You can't divide light any more than you can divide the heart. And how about that word "Blonde" describing the push? Who's the Blonde?
Well, I'm going to shut up now and give the floor over to Ira Fader. I found Ira's wonderful commentary on this poem while researching it and subsequently reached out to him for permission to reprint it here. He graciously agreed. He mentioned in his response that he was a fan of The Prowling Bee and we are now a fan of his. It's a fit. Check out his excellent blog, The Wow of Poetry.
Here's Ira on F963:
Dickinson had more than a passing interest in the science of her time. It has been noted that more than 270 of her poems touch on scientific themes relating to physics, astronomy, chemistry, geology, botany, physiology, medicine, mathematics, and technology. She was taught the natural sciences as a student at the Amherst Academy and again during her year at the rigorous Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary (now Mt. Holyoke College) whose founder, Mary Lyon, was not only a pioneer in women’s education but also a trained chemist who required students to learn the new science of laboratory experimentation. Dickinson mentioned her interest in science class in letters to her childhood friend Abiah Root and her brother Austin.
Additionally, she lived in a home filled with books, including books such as “Elementary Geology” by geologist and Amherst College president (and family friend) Edward Hitchcock, “Elements of Geometry and Trigonometry” by French mathematician A. M. Legendre, and “The Stars and the Earth, Or Thoughts upon Space, Time, and Eternity” by Felix Eberty, an amateur German astronomer whose works none other than a young Albert Einstein later read and enjoyed. (The Dickinson family library has been archived and digitized by Harvard University, and you can access and read these 3 books in their entirety, if you are so inclined.)
Whether Dickinson pored over these volumes, I don’t know. But I do know that she read the Romantic poets preceding her, and they explored - and deplored - how the emerging 19th century sciences were “unweaving the rainbow” and banishing nature’s unfathomable mysteries.
In “The Prelude” William Wordsworth believed that “Science appears but, what in truth she is,/ Not as our glory and our absolute boast, But as a [substitute], and a prop/ To our infirmity.” Science, he said, was a “false secondary power, by which,/ In weakness, we create distinctions, then/ Deem that our puny boundaries are things/ Which we perceive, and not which we have made.” John Keats wrote in his lengthy poem “Lamia” that science “will clip an Angel’s wings,/ Conquer all mysteries by rule and line,/ Empty the haunted air, and gnomed mine—/ Unweave a rainbow." In Sonnet — To Science, a young Edward Allan Poe directly challenged Science by asking why it must prey upon the poet’s heart, “you Vulture whose wings are dull realities.” In his dramatic fashion, he accused Science of dragging the mythic deities from their places in the sky, the woods, and the waters, and tearing from him “the summer dream beneath the tamarind tree.” (Poe’s formidable intelligence soon got the better of him, and he became greatly interested in astronomy and physics.)
But Dickinson was unlike her worried poetical predecessors. Just as imagination for Dickinson was a boundless and invisible realm, so too were the new sciences exploring the world that lies beyond our ordinary senses: atoms, electromagnetism, the germ theory of disease, evolution, thermodynamics. As William Blake (whose poetry was in the Dickinson family library) said, “What is now proved was only once imagined.” Dickinson knew that science would never “empty the haunted air” and subdue the sublime. Consider this poem, written by Dickinson in 1865:
A science - so the Savans say, [“savants”]
"Comparative Anatomy" -
By which a single bone -
Is made a secret to unfold
Of some rare tenant of the mold -
Else perished in the stone -
So to the eye prospective led,
This meekest flower of the mead
Opon a winter's day,
Stands representative in gold
Of Rose and Lily, manifold,
And countless Butterfly!
Dickinson here shows no fear of the emerging science of paleontology which can look into the deep past and unfold secrets about an ancient bone and its prior “tenant.” Her own eye is “prospective led” and sees how the meekest golden flower in a wintry meadow foretells the beauty of the next season. Thus, what is “perished in the stone” is balanced by the Rose, Lily, and Butterfly, which are “manifold,” “countless.”
Awe is unquantifiable.
Dickinson came of age in a period of fiery religious revivalism across New England. The Calvinist theology of Amherst was stricter than the emerging Unitarian Christianity firmly rooted in faraway Boston and Cambridge. In the early 19th century, Calvinist faith and science were not inherently incompatible arenas of thought. Three hundred years earlier, John Calvin himself held that science and reason were gifts from God to man and that “in despising the gifts, we insult the Giver.” The observance and study of nature would reveal God’s presence in the world. Science, it was said, was a Minister of God.
By the 1860’s, however, profound disputes between scientists, intellectuals, and theologians were playing out in the pages of New England periodicals like the Atlantic Monthly and Harper’s (both still in print!) that Dickinson read in her own home. The 1859 publication of Charles Darwin’s “On the Origin of the Species” alone heralded a new crisis of faith. The pace of new scientific reasoning and discovery could not be tamed or modulated by theology or suppressed by church fiat, and this was the talk of the knowledgeable classes.
Quietly at home, Dickinson struggled not with the scientists but with the ministers. Consider this poem, dated to c. 1865:
The Chemical conviction
That Nought be lost
Enable in Disaster
My fractured Trust—
The Faces of the Atoms
If I shall see
How more the Finished Creatures
Departed me!
Dickinson here is certainly not offering a Christian view of what awaits us after death. “The world,” she said in an early letter, “holds a predominant place in my affections. I do not feel that I could give up all for Christ, were I called to die.” She struggled fiercely with faith and doubt in so many poems, and in this one she tells of a “fractured Trust” over what awaits after “Disaster,” which in this context sounds like Death. The religious convictions of her family, her church, and her era provided no balm. What “enables” her is, instead, a “chemical conviction.” Nothing in the universe is lost, according to the science of Dickinson’s day (and ours). The matter and energy in the universe are, in effect, deathless. It is Science, not Faith, that enables her in Disaster.
What a beautiful atomic vision the poem’s second stanza offers! If the speaker could see the “Faces of the Atoms” of which she is made, all the more would she know these “finished creatures” that depart from her. Since they are “finished” with being Emily, these particles - which cannot be lost because nought will be lost - will return instead to the cosmos. We are stardust, Dickinson is saying, anticipating Joni Mitchell by a full century. [note from Prowling Bee: a nice serendipity here as we mentioned this song in the previous post.]
Year after year, as family and friends dutifully “converted” to Calvinist Christianity, Dickinson refused. As a young student, she famously declined to stand when the imposing headmistress at Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary, Mary Lyon, asked the students to rise if they believed in Christ or hoped to believe. Dickinson remained a “no-hoper.” And so she remained for the rest of her life, eventually declining to even attend church on Sundays. In an 1862 letter, Dickinson tartly remarked of her family: "They are religious -except me - and address an Eclipse, every morning - whom they call their father.” And elsewhere she slyly noted, “We dignify faith when we can cross oceans with it - though most prefer ships.”
In so many ways, Dickinson was truly different from her people, place, and time, and she knew it. (“What makes a few of us so different from others? It’s a question I often ask myself,” she said as a teenager in a letter to her brother.) I cannot conceive of the inner strength and courage she needed - and possessed - to survive as a brilliant, self-aware, and uncompromising woman in an era of stifling religiosity and patriarchy. Unconventional, idiosyncratic, peculiar in thinking — all at a time with no tolerance for divergence from the proper social graces and religious obeisance. She was, as Adrienne Rich said, “Vesuvius at home.” A quiet volcano in the heart of Amherst.
It comes as no surprise that she was comfortable with scientific principles and theories and found poetry there.
On to the poem.
Below is Dickinson’s handwritten poem. Good luck reading it. It is fitting and ironic that the first barrier in gaining access to her world is her handwriting.
“Banish Air from Air” was written in 1864 or 1865 during Dickinson’s most fecund period of poetry writing. She did not choose it for one of her “fascicles,” the hand-crafted booklets that, unbeknownst to even her own family members, she carefully created and organized for years. (In all, Dickinson quietly bound 814 poems into 40 fascicles that were not discovered until after her death.)
Likewise, her posthumous editors did not select “Banish Air from Air” in the 1890’s when three volumes of her work were published in quick succession and, to everyone’s astonishment, met with instant public interest and acclaim. Banish Air from Air remained unknown until its inclusion in “Bolts of Melody,” a 1945 volume of “new” Dickinson poems. By this time she was recognized as “one of the great poets of the world,” as the scholar Mark Van Doren noted in his preface.
So, we’ve had almost 80 years to figure it out. Here it is again:
Banish Air from Air —
Divide Light if you dare —
They’ll meet
While Cubes in a Drop
Or Pellets of Shape
Fit
Films cannot annul
Odors return whole
Force Flame
And with a Blonde push
Over your impotence
Flits Steam.
We cannot control the natural world that envelops us, I think she is telling us. We are powerless - impotent - to rearrange the fundaments of reality. The narrative voice in the poem seems to laugh as she goads us to try.
Those first two lines: “Banish Air from Air —/ Divide Light if you dare —”. I hear a gentle laugh in the voice as she dares us to “banish air from air.” It is a lovely impossibility. Didn’t you know that nature abhors a vacuum? Then she dares us to divide the light. Since there’s nothing out of the ordinary about dividing a ray of light — after all, that is the ordinary work of prisms and rainbows — perhaps Dickinson’s second challenge is to separate light from air, and that is another paradoxical notion.
Your experiment will fail, she tells us in line 3, because “they’ll meet” anyway. Air and light will meet, as they must, because that is how Nature works. We humans cannot separate what Nature does not wish to separate.
The next three lines are mystifying: air and light will meet “While Cubes in a Drop/ Or Pellets of Shape/Fit”. The phrase “cubes in a drop” creates an odd mental image of a geometrical box inside a falling water drop. Cubes, like the straight lines and angles of which they are made, are mathematical abstractions. When they are present in the real world, they must have been made by human hands or by the technologies that are extensions of our hands. (“Cube” is a word that Dickinson used only twice in writing. See note 1, at the bottom of this post.)
Drops of water are the opposite. They are real in nature, ephemeral, and shape-shifting. Cubes and drops belong to different, seemingly irreconcilable realms of human existence. And although 19th century scientists were indeed looking at the action of splashing water (I own a book containing an 1894 lecture poetically entitled “The Splash of A Drop and Related Phenomena”), no one was cubing the drop.
Dickinson also imagines “pellets of shape.” Pellets such as beads or globules do not come in abstract mathematical shapes like triangles or squares.
What are these absurd phenomena she has imagined, and what might they mean?
Science cannot force a pellet into a fixed shape any more than it can put a cube inside a drop. And yet, in the mind of this poem, these impossible geometries somehow “fit.” That single word on its own line in the middle of the poem draws attention to itself. “Fit” fits, both for form and sense.
I cannot find another instance in which Dickinson placed a single word on a poetic line. I can find plenty of two-worders (“to you,” “so absolute,” “yours, Fly”) but none as short as one word, much less a three-letter, one-syllable word.
Suffice to say, even if a one-word line is not one-of-a-kind, Dickinson did not employ it often, and in doing so here she achieves a powerful (and modern) effect: “fit” functions, visually and substantively, as the fulcrum for the entire poem.
In the poem thus far, we have been told, I think, that with our sciences and measurements we mere humans cannot banish, divide, or otherwise control the properties of our unified universe. And the unimaginable exists as part of this unity, even though we haven’t yet imagined it. Remember William Blake: “What is now proved was only once imagined.”
Then the poem pivots to its message of our impotence. A film is a membrane or a veil that covers or separates or obscures, but here it is ineffective for any such purpose. It will not divide the light. And odors cannot be banished from the air. The unity of things cannot be undone, the rainbow cannot be unwoven.
The line “Force Flame” is a conundrum. Which is the noun, which the verb? Perhaps both are nouns, acting together to feed their natural energy into the final volcanic image where, like “Blonde” lava hissing and steaming down the landscape, the overpowering fire and heat in these final images “push/ over your impotence” as a reminder of our limitations and insignificance in the natural order.
All of this is sheer speculation about Dickinson’s intended meaning. What else is new? She will keep us all unwrapping her mystery gifts for centuries. If a proper Dickinson scholar has looked closely at this poem, I wish I knew about it. More meaning can be extracted, perhaps, by reading this poem in relation to others in which Dickinson addressed the same ideas or themes or used the same words.
But for the time being, I am content to stop here in wrestling with this poem. Truth is, I really am not sure I know what it means. But Dickinson has long prepared me to accept uncertainty in reading her unique work and to exercise creativity, even more than research, in trying to understand her.
-Ira Fader
Notes
In searching the Emily Dickinson Archive for the word “cube” in her poems and letters, there are only two instances: in the poem I am discussing and in a letter she wrote in 1880 to a family friend. As in many of her letters, she switches from prose to poetry when she advises her friend, “We shall find the cube of a rainbow -/ of that - there is no doubt -/ But the Arc of a Lover's conjecture/ Eludes the finding out -” Solving the science of a rainbow is easier, she is saying, than solving the mysteries of romance. How lucky to have been on Dickinson’s mailing list. Can you imagine opening your mail and finding correspondence as remarkable as this?
In addition to the Archive, I used the following resources, all of which make for great reading if you really want more.
White, Fred D., Sweet Skepticism of the Heart: Science in the Poetry of Emily Dickinson (1992)
R.W. Franklin, “The Emily Dickinson Fascicles,” Studies in Bibliography, Vol. 36 (1983), https://www.jstor.org/stable/40371771
Loeffelholz, Mary, What is a fascicle? Reading Emily Dickinson's manuscript books. Harvard Library Bulletin 10 (1), Spring 1999: 23-42
Gaull, Marilyn, Vol. 21, No. 1 (WINTER 1990), University of Chicago Press.
Kohler, Michelle The Apparatus of the Dark: Emily Dickinson and the Epistemology of Metaphor. Nineteenth-Century Literature. https://doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2012.67.1.58 (2012).
https://www.amherst.edu/news/archives/classroom/node/439610
https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/24/resources/6412
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