And Roses in the Seed—
A Summer briefer than the first
But tenderer indeed
As should a Face supposed the Grave's
Emerge a single Noon
In the Vermilion that it wore
Affect us, and return—
Two Seasons, it is said, exist—
The Summer of the Just,
And this of Ours, diversified
With Prospect, and with Frost—
May not our Second with its First
So infinite compare
That We but recollect the one
The other to prefer?
-Fr811, J930, early 1864
It takes a while to unravel the complex weave of a poem like this, and then, once you do, it is still pretty mystifying.
The one thing that makes this poem easier to understand is if you take “The Summer of the Just” to be referring to the past instead of some future "Summer of the Just" (heaven perhaps). Other readings of this poem I have read interpret “Summer of the Just” as a future heavenly summer, but that doesn’t make sense to me. This is a poem about a late feeling of a false summer surpassing the real (or "just") summer of the past.
Okay, with that in mind, here’s my take on this poem, stanza by stanza.
There is a June when Corn is cut
And Roses in the Seed—
This poem begins, as many of Dickinson’s do, with a sort of riddle. What kind of June is it when the corn is cut and the roses are in the seed?
The literal answer would be what I called growing up as a kid “Indian Summer.” This name is no longer socially acceptable. We've finally dropped the original misnomer, "Indian." Took us long enough! Sometimes we call this season Second Summer, or False Summer. (In Bulgaria they call it “Poor man’s summer,” which is terrific). In the next two lines we get another riddle to help clue us in…
A Summer briefer than the first
But tenderer indeed
What summer is briefer than summer, but also tenderer? Now we are getting into poetic territory with that word tender. We know the “Second summer” is shorter than summer. But why is this second summer tenderer? It’s at this point that I start seeing the metaphoric meaning of a second summer here. If a year is analogous to a life, then, as we enter the winter of our life, we get a late life efflorescence, we get a "Second Summer." I do find as I get older that the beautiful summer-like moments are more meaningful and tender, first because I know they are waning, and second because I've come to appreciate them more. This poem speaks to both of those reasons.
Another thing that clues me into a late-life-resurgence idea in this poem is the images of corn being cut and roses in seed. These read as poignant signs of maturity. “Cut” is a violent verb, and you can see it, perhaps, as the down side of growing older, even if it means some good bread might be made from the corn. Roses in seed, however, is an extremely hopeful image, the upside of growing older. Roses to come!
As should a Face supposed the Grave's
Emerge a single Noon
In the Vermilion that it wore
Affect us, and return—
This is a shocking image. This second summer is compared to seeing a face that we thought was in the grave emerging at noon (noon=summer) with all the blood (vermilion) having returned to it. Wouldn’t that be affecting? That’s what it’s like to grow old while still feeling your youth. It’s haunting, but because its haunting, it's greater. We'll see why in the last stanza.
Two Seasons, it is said, exist—
The Summer of the Just,
And this of Ours, diversified
With Prospect, and with Frost—
I’ve already argued that Summer of the Just here means Summer of the Past. “Summer of the Just” is a pretty great phrase if you think about it. We all get our “Just” summer, the time which we are justified in being young. If I read this poem as a younger man, I’d hone in on that phrase as a way to excuse my youthful behavior. "Summer of the Just" also carries, perhaps, a sense of passing quickly. It's already fall? It was "just" summer!
So, the shorter Second Summer is richer because it still has prospects, but now these prospects are balanced with knowledge of the oncoming frost, which signifies winter and death.
Okay, that all sets us up for the idea in the final stanza,
May not our Second with its First
So infinite compare
That We but recollect the one
The other to prefer?
Because of our nearness to frost, to the grave, the second summer of our old age will be be infinitely better than the summer of our youth. The last two lines can be taken a few ways that I can see. The first, and to me strongest, is that we no longer take our "Just” summer, our youth, for granted. Now we are in the in-between time, the time between “cut” and “seed,” between “prospect” and “frost,” which is richer for carrying a sense of both sides of the equation. We can’t know how great the first summer was because we had nothing to compare it to. This Second Summer is infinitely better then for two reasons, first, because we know what it means to experience summer, having lived it. We are now nostalgic for it! But, secondly, we have become aware what it means to be losing it.
It takes a while to unravel the complex weave of a poem like this, and then, once you do, it is still pretty mystifying.
The one thing that makes this poem easier to understand is if you take “The Summer of the Just” to be referring to the past instead of some future "Summer of the Just" (heaven perhaps). Other readings of this poem I have read interpret “Summer of the Just” as a future heavenly summer, but that doesn’t make sense to me. This is a poem about a late feeling of a false summer surpassing the real (or "just") summer of the past.
Okay, with that in mind, here’s my take on this poem, stanza by stanza.
There is a June when Corn is cut
And Roses in the Seed—
This poem begins, as many of Dickinson’s do, with a sort of riddle. What kind of June is it when the corn is cut and the roses are in the seed?
The literal answer would be what I called growing up as a kid “Indian Summer.” This name is no longer socially acceptable. We've finally dropped the original misnomer, "Indian." Took us long enough! Sometimes we call this season Second Summer, or False Summer. (In Bulgaria they call it “Poor man’s summer,” which is terrific). In the next two lines we get another riddle to help clue us in…
A Summer briefer than the first
But tenderer indeed
What summer is briefer than summer, but also tenderer? Now we are getting into poetic territory with that word tender. We know the “Second summer” is shorter than summer. But why is this second summer tenderer? It’s at this point that I start seeing the metaphoric meaning of a second summer here. If a year is analogous to a life, then, as we enter the winter of our life, we get a late life efflorescence, we get a "Second Summer." I do find as I get older that the beautiful summer-like moments are more meaningful and tender, first because I know they are waning, and second because I've come to appreciate them more. This poem speaks to both of those reasons.
Another thing that clues me into a late-life-resurgence idea in this poem is the images of corn being cut and roses in seed. These read as poignant signs of maturity. “Cut” is a violent verb, and you can see it, perhaps, as the down side of growing older, even if it means some good bread might be made from the corn. Roses in seed, however, is an extremely hopeful image, the upside of growing older. Roses to come!
As should a Face supposed the Grave's
Emerge a single Noon
In the Vermilion that it wore
Affect us, and return—
This is a shocking image. This second summer is compared to seeing a face that we thought was in the grave emerging at noon (noon=summer) with all the blood (vermilion) having returned to it. Wouldn’t that be affecting? That’s what it’s like to grow old while still feeling your youth. It’s haunting, but because its haunting, it's greater. We'll see why in the last stanza.
Two Seasons, it is said, exist—
The Summer of the Just,
And this of Ours, diversified
With Prospect, and with Frost—
I’ve already argued that Summer of the Just here means Summer of the Past. “Summer of the Just” is a pretty great phrase if you think about it. We all get our “Just” summer, the time which we are justified in being young. If I read this poem as a younger man, I’d hone in on that phrase as a way to excuse my youthful behavior. "Summer of the Just" also carries, perhaps, a sense of passing quickly. It's already fall? It was "just" summer!
So, the shorter Second Summer is richer because it still has prospects, but now these prospects are balanced with knowledge of the oncoming frost, which signifies winter and death.
Okay, that all sets us up for the idea in the final stanza,
May not our Second with its First
So infinite compare
That We but recollect the one
The other to prefer?
Because of our nearness to frost, to the grave, the second summer of our old age will be be infinitely better than the summer of our youth. The last two lines can be taken a few ways that I can see. The first, and to me strongest, is that we no longer take our "Just” summer, our youth, for granted. Now we are in the in-between time, the time between “cut” and “seed,” between “prospect” and “frost,” which is richer for carrying a sense of both sides of the equation. We can’t know how great the first summer was because we had nothing to compare it to. This Second Summer is infinitely better then for two reasons, first, because we know what it means to experience summer, having lived it. We are now nostalgic for it! But, secondly, we have become aware what it means to be losing it.
Being in my fifties with two daughters who will leave home in a few years, I can really feel the weight of this poem. I took them to Rockaway Beach today. I could feel my own youth through them, and could also feel my youth slipping away, even as my daughters will. I saw older kids all hanging out with their friends, and knew it wouldn't be much longer that these girls would be hanging at the beach with me. The corn is cut, the roses are in seed. It's almost unbearably poignant, and therefore, yes, better even than youth itself.
-/)dam Wade l)eGraff
Beautiful explanation; it helped a lot because I initially thought "Summer of the Just" meant something like heaven or resurrection, and the poem didn't make much sense to me. By the way, what Bulgarians call “poor man’s summer" is referred to as "old woman's summer" in Czech.
ReplyDeleteSo glad it helped. Old woman's summer. That's great too. I wonder why they call it that? Perhaps it just means the old woman is having a renaissance? It fits the poem!
ReplyDeleteCzech is my native language, and I never wondered about the origin of the phrase. It was only after reading your commentary on this poem that I looked it up. It likely comes from gossamer threads floating in the air, resembling white hair.
DeleteAnd old woman isn't very accurate; it is more like beldame or crone summer.
Beautiful family, Adam! I’m in my 50s too and my youngest leaves for college (her two brothers are already launched too) in the fall. So I’m definitely feeling that second summer feeling.
ReplyDeleteRoses in seed means new roses though. Grandchildren!
That is some comfort. Still, I probably have to wait 10 years or so…
As always, ED’s wonderful ambiguity allows universal interpretations, those mentioned in the explication and comments above as well as many others. And as always, a wonderful thing about poetry is if it floats your boat, then your interpretation is right for you.
ReplyDeleteMy wife and I are 82 and our grandkids are now leaving home for lives of their own, so we must fill our remaining time with other things. I’m having a blast with ED and a birding hobby, but I certainly don’t “prefer” these pleasant pastimes over the experiences of being twenty.
So much for Stanzas 1-3, but then along comes Stanza 4, which adds some boundaries to our interpretations:
“May not our Second with its First
So infinite compare
That We but recollect the one
The other to prefer?”
ED’s “Second” summer “so infinite compare(s)” with her “First” that just “recollecting” her “First” may cause her to “prefer” (?!) the “Second”.
ED is “recollect[ing]” something so totally transforming during her “First” summer, that now, during her “Second” summer, when an apparition from that wonderful summer “emerges a single Noon”, she realizes her “Second” summer is “diversified / With Prospect [Expected Joy], and with Frost [Pain].” TBC
Just in case we’re confusing corn and wheat, by 1800 Americans called maize “corn” and wheat “wheat”. Corn (maize) ripens during Indian Summer, but wheat ripens in early summer.
ReplyDeleteMy candidate for that “First” summer experience resides in F325, ‘There came a Day—at Summer's full’, a seven-stanza poem, here shortened to four, Stanzas 1-2 and 6-7, with ED’s alternate words/phrases in parentheses:
“There came a Day—at Summer's full,
Entirely for me—
I thought that such—were for the Saints—
Where (Revelations)—be—
“The Sun—as common—went abroad—
The flowers—accustomed—blew,
(While our two souls) the solstice passed—
That maketh all things new.”
//
“And so when all the time had failed—
Without external sound—
Each—bound the other's Crucifix—
We gave no other Bond—
“Sufficient troth—that we shall rise—
Deposed—at length—the Grave—
To that new Marriage—
Justified—through Calvaries of Love!”
In the words of this poem (F811, Line 10), ED’s “First” summer was her “Summer of the Just”, where “Just” means “perfected ones; those made whole” [EDLex, Definition 2 of “Just”].
ED’s second season, “this [Season] of Ours” (Line 11) is “diversified / With Prospect [Expected Joy], and with Frost [Pain] — . She still believes “that we shall rise— / Deposed—at length—the Grave— / To that new Marriage— / Justified—through Calvaries of Love!”, but, at the same time, her second “Season” is painful because she misses her love, whom she believes she will meet in Heaven. It is this belief that makes ED “prefer” this second “Season” over the first.
This poem about Indian Summer, ‘There is a June when Corn is cut’ (F811), got me wondering how many “Indian Summer” poems ED composed. The answer is at least eight:
ReplyDelete1. F122 ‘These are the days when Birds come back'
2. F265 ‘It cant be “Summer”!’
3. F363 ‘I know a place where Summer strives’
4. F408 ‘Like some Old fashioned Miracle’
5. F811 ‘There is a June when Corn is cut’
6. F1412 ‘How know it from a Summer’s Day?’
7. F1419 ‘A - Field of Stubble, lying sere’
8. F1457 ‘Summer has two Beginnings –‘
My primary source for finding these poem titles was ‘Emily Dickinson: Notes on All Her Poems’ by David Preest, which was available free on the Internet until a few years ago. Sadly, the electronic book seems to have disappeared, found only on personal computers of folks lucky enough to have downloaded and saved it before it vanished.
Arguably, F520 too? Although “Summer hid her Forehead -“ she was presumably still around to see the “little Gentian” bloom!
DeleteYes, it is. Thanks Tom. That last stanza, Stanza 3, Lines 9-11, tells us the gentian waits until the first frost before it blooms, a sure sign of Indian Summer :
ReplyDelete"The Frosts were her condition —
The Tyrian would not come
Until the North — invoke it —"
That final Dickinsonian volta, Line 12, seals the deal:
"Creator — Shall I — bloom?"
For us listers, here's the latest membership:
1. F122 ‘These are the days when Birds come back'
2. F265 ‘It cant be “Summer”!’
3. F363 ‘I know a place where Summer strives’
4. F408 ‘Like some Old fashioned Miracle’
5. F520 'God made a little Gentian'
6. F811 ‘There is a June when Corn is cut’
7. F1412 ‘How know it from a Summer’s Day?’
8. F1419 ‘A - Field of Stubble, lying sere’
9. F1457 ‘Summer has two Beginnings‘